Layering the Parable of the Ten Virgins: What is the Oil? – Brad Jersak
Have you ever given time to wondering about the parable of the ten virgins? It raises some notoriously difficult questions about what Jesus meant, what the various symbols mean, and how it should be applied. Let’s start by reading the parable:
At that time the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their lamps and went out to meet the bridegroom. Five of them were foolish and five were wise. The foolish ones took their lamps but did not take any oil with them. The wise ones, however, took oil in jars along with their lamps. The bridegroom was a long time in coming, and they all became drowsy and fell asleep. At midnight the cry rang out: ‘Here’s the bridegroom! Come out to meet him!’ “Then all the virgins woke up and trimmed their lamps. The foolish ones said to the wise, ‘Give us some of your oil; our lamps are going out.’ ‘No,’ they replied, ‘there may not be enough for both us and you. Instead, go to those who sell oil and buy some for yourselves. But while they were on their way to buy the oil, the bridegroom arrived. The virgins who were ready went in with him to the wedding banquet. And the door was shut. Later the others also came. ‘Lord, Lord,’ they said, ‘open the door for us!’ But he replied, ‘Truly I tell you, I don’t know you.’ Therefore keep watch, because you do not know the day or the hour.
Questions:
I wonder: What does Jesus mean by ‘keep watch’? We generally associate keeping watch with ‘staying ready’ spiritually for the coming of our Bridegroom (Christ), whether he comes at the parousia (Second Coming) or, more likely, when we die, since all ten virgins ‘fall asleep’ (Jesus’ favorite phrase for passing away).
But why virgins? Aren’t we the Bride of Christ? And what are these lamps the virgins carry? What is the oil? Who sells the oil? And how do you buy it? Why is having enough oil the criterion for entrance through the door? Do we somehow earn our way into the wedding banquet?
The more I study this parable, the less I know for sure, but I’m 100% certain that Jesus thinks that having oil is really, really important. I also believe Matthew has given us a couple very solid clues in this chapter about what that oil in question might be.
What is this oil that we’re meant to keep in full supply? I’m discovering a few layers to the parable, as I had with the Parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus. Let’s take them in order. I. The mercy of almsgiving as a heavenly investment
Warning: this first layer will involve something that sounds like buying your way into the kingdom of God or earning your salvation with good works. Stay with me; it’s essential territory to cover and a prerequisite to understanding the parable. We mustn’t miss what Jesus says or dismiss what Jesus wants by prematurely filtering his words through what we know about the post-Easter gospel of grace.
In Second Temple Judaism, the mercy of almsgiving had become nearly synonymous with righteousness (tzedakah, also translated justice or charity). Jesus does so in Matt. 6:1-2. Showing mercy to the poor through almsgiving was like investing in your heavenly bank account. The Rabbis were riffing off passages like Proverbs 19:17, which says, “He who is kind to the poor lends to the Lord, and he will repay him for his deed.” Jewish teachers applied this to mean that when you give to the poor in this life, your investment is returned by blessedness in the next life. CLICK HERE for a good article on the details. Some first century Rabbis also believed that those who suffered torment in the afterlife could escape hades or gehenna (depending on the Rabbi) after one year if (i) your family fulfilled the requirements of liturgical mourning through that year and (ii) if you had a good track record of almsgiving. For more details, see Her Gates Will Never Be Shut, 49.
Jesus is playing off the same idea of spiritual capital investments when he says, “Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven” (Matt. 6:19-20) by practicing the righteousness of giving alms to the needy (Matt. 6:1-4). It’s also clear that one layer of the parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus directly identifies treatment of the poor with one’s postmortem destiny. So too the parable of the sheep and goats at the end of Matthew 25. The idea that acts of mercy are a heavenly deposit is possibly also what the angel meant when he said to Cornelius, “Your prayers and your alms have ascended as a memorial before God.” And it is certainly what St John Chrysostom meant when he said, “If you want more storehouses, you have them: in the bellies of the poor.”
What Jesus adds to the Rabbinical discussion is his rebuke of those who practice almsgiving and fasting as an outward show of their religious pride. Here he stands in the tradition of the Major and Minor Prophets of Jewish Scripture. Isaiah, Amos and Micah spring quickly to mind. Jesus assures thosewho ‘blow their own horns’ that the kudos they receive comprise their full payment (Matt. 6:2) … no future reward awaits. He also addresses the possibility that one could give their outward tithes and yet still completely miss the deeper matters of righteousness, mercy and faithfulness (Matt. 26:26).
II. The Oil of Mercy
This background connecting almsgiving, righteousness and entering the kingdom leads us back to the parable. I would propose that in the first layer or immediate application of Jesus’ parable to his Jewish listeners and Matthew’s readers, the oil he mentions (as well as the gold coins in the next parable) signifies ‘mercy’ — and in that context, mercy was specifically merciful (practical, compassionate) treatment of the poor. I see this for textual and contextual reasons:
A. Textual clues: the linguistic connection between ‘mercy’ and ‘oil.’
We need Hebrew and Greek scholars to translate the Bible (because of complex grammatical rules and special idioms), but any curious layperson can now easily do a decent word study. Teachable moment: just type “NT Greek lexicon” + the word you want into your web browser. In this case, I’ve done a search for the Greek words that we translate “oil” and “mercy.” The following details pop up on sites such as:
http://classic.studylight.org/lex/grk or http://biblehub.com/greek
1. MERCY (noun): eleos
1656 | Original Word | Transliterated Word |
---|---|---|
eáleov | eleos | |
Translated Word | ||
mercy |
2. Have / obtain /receive / show MERCY (verb): eleeo
1653 | Original Word | Transliterated Word |
---|---|---|
eÍlea/w | eleeo | |
Translated Words | ||
have mercy, have mercy on, have mercy upon, obtain mercy, receive mercy, show mercy, found mercy, had mercy, has mercy, mercy, received mercy, shown mercy, shows mercy |
1636 | Original Word | Transliterated Word |
---|---|---|
eÍlaiða | elaia | |
Translated Words | ||
olive berries, olive tree, olives, olive trees | ||
1637 | Original Word | Transliterated Word |
eálaion | elaion | |
Translated Word | ||
olive oil |
Strong’s Number: 1637 | eálaion |
Original Word | Word Origin | ||
eálaion | from the same as (1636) | ||
Transliterated Word | Phonetic Spelling | ||
Elaion | el’-ah-yon | ||
Parts of Speech | TDNT | ||
Noun Neuter | 2:470,221 | ||
Definition | |||
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|||
Translated Words | |||
KJV (11) – oil, 11;NAS (11) – oil, 10; olive oil |
Do you see the obvious similarity? Eleos, eleeo, elaion: mercy, show mercy, olive (oil), oil.
Similarities between words doesn’t always mean anything; some words are just soundalikes with no connection. Other words have an original connection that is no longer relevant. Sometimes similar words are connected only by wordplay. But in this case, the ongoing symbolism of oil as mercy is both direct and very relevant.
According to Lazar Puhalo, olive trees were actually named after mercy because the trees gave oil so abundantly and for so many goods that oil actually became an item of currency. The olive groves of the Palestinian region were and are glorious sources of provision, reflecting and symbolizing the generosity of God’s enduring and abundant mercy.
One of the great tragedies of the conflict between Israeli settlers and the Palestinian people is the punitive destruction of centuries-old olive orchards that provide delicious meals, oils and soaps. Torching or uprooting olive orchards is a horridly unmerciful and wasteful weapon of spite in middle eastern culture. Whether provoked or unprovoked, destruction of an olive grove is meant to demoralize a community and destroy an inheritance passed from generation to generation. CLICK HERE for an article on the impacts of olive tree destruction.
5. Polyeleos
Back to the oil / mercy connection in Judeo-Christian tradition. The superabundant mercy of God is identified by another word: “polyeleos” — literally, ‘much oil’ or ‘much mercy.’ Polyeleos also refers to part of the prayer services on Orthodox Christian feast days when all of the oil lamps in the sanctuary are lit (including a large chandelier) and the readers chant Psalm 134-135 (LXX; it’s Psalm 135-136 in most Bibles).
So, why ‘many mercies’? Because after every line, Psalm 135(136) repeats, “His mercy endures forever.” For how long? Forever! That line is sung over and over (twenty-six times), many mercies, under the many lights of many oil lamps. This is the high point of the service of the major Christian feasts because all of this mercy, all of this oil, all of those lamps, all of that light point together toward Jesus Christ and his gospel (present also in an Easter Gospel reading), Christ, the Light of the worlds and ultimate fulfillment of the Psalm’s many mercies.
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“Christ the Bridegroom, robed in humility” |
How odd, then, for Christendom to accept the latter as a theological matter of course, while puzzling over and even resisting former–often acknowledging the Judge while balking at his judgments! And fair enough, for we’re wary of slipping into salvation by good works, no? Mercy is a great virtue, but as spiritual capital for access to the kingdom of heaven? That begins to sound like the old “social gospel” of liberal Christianity doesn’t it?
V. A third way, perchance?
If classic liberalism lapses into a noble works focus for entry in the kingdom, and classic Evangelicalism embraces salvation by grace through faith alone (at the expense of Jesus’ teachings), might there be a third way? Perhaps.
St Seraphim of Sarov (1754-1833) raised an important fact in the parable that addresses this works/grace dichotomy. He points out that all ten of the women are called ‘virgins.’ That is, they didn’t lack ‘virtue’ … all ten represent people who have lived pure and pious lives in their thoughts and actions. That’s not what’s lacking. That’s not the oil that ran out. What then?
St Seraphim thought the parable was about “the acquisition of the grace of the Holy Spirit.” What does that mean? He said,
“In the parable of the wise and foolish
virgins, when the foolish ones lacked oil, it was said: ‘Go and buy in the
market.’ But when they had bought, the door to the bride chamber was already
shut and they could not get in. Some say the lack of oil in the lamps of
the foolish virgins means a lack of good deeds in their lifetime. Such an interpretation
is not quite correct. Why should they be lacking in good deeds if they are
called virgins, even though foolish ones? Virginity is the supreme virtue, an
angelic state, and it could take the place of all other good works.
“I think that what they were lacking was
the grace of the All-Holy Spirit of God. These virgins practiced the virtues,
but in their spiritual ignorance they supposed the Christian life
consisted merely in doing good works. By doing a good deed they thought they
were doing the work of God, but they little cared whether they acquired thereby
the grace of God’s Spirit.” (Lazarus Moore, St. Seraphim of Sarov: A Spiritual Biography, 172-174).
Thus, on one hand, it’s not that we ought to ignore mercy. Christ certainly didn’t. In Matt. 25, he brought it front and center. On the other hand, even a virginal life of outward righteousness and charitable works can be bankrupt of the grace of the Holy Spirit … even a performance-driven replacement for it. How then can we ensure that our mercy is not devoid of divine grace, that our lamps do not run out?
First, negatively, I would suggest that we avoid five errors of the Pharisees (the public pietists of Jesus’ day):
- They erred whenever they failed to do mercy.
- They erred whenever they did mercy for the benefit of the self-righteous ego (to prove they were ‘radical’ believers ‘on fire’ for God).
- They erred whenever their acts of mercy were not accompanied by the Spirit of grace to those whom they served (e.g., begrudging ‘entitlement’ and thereby actually feeding it).
- They erred whenever they forgot that they too were in need of God’s mercy and failed to be grateful for it.
- Most of all, they erred by dissociating their works of mercy from belief in Christ, the all-merciful Source of our mercy.
- Jesus obviously wants us to acquire the oil of mercy. That is, be merciful as he is merciful. Forgive as we have been forgiven. Show the kindness that the Father has shown us.
- Jesus obviously wants us to recognize him as the Bridegroom we’ve been waiting for. The whole parable calls us to focus our attention on him. Our waiting is for him; our lives are for him; our acts of love, done in faith, empowered by the Spirit … all for Christ, or rather, Christ does them through us, as he is the actual source of mercy.
Closing: The death and resurrection as the punchline of every parable.